Nobel Prize Winners of 1988

Johann Deisenhofer - Male - 45 years

Birth country: Germany

Motivation: for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas - USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute - USA

Robert Huber - Male - 51 years

Birth country: Germany

Motivation: for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie - Germany

Hartmut Michel - Male - 40 years

Birth country: Germany

Motivation: for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik - Germany

Maurice Allais - Male - 77 years

Birth country: France

Motivation: for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources

Affiliation: École Nationale Supérieur des Mines de Paris - France

Naguib Mahfouz - Male - 76 years

Birth country: Egypt

Motivation: who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind

Sir James W. Black - Male - 64 years

Birth country: Scotland

Motivation: for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

Affiliation: London University, King's College Hospital Medical School - United Kingdom

Gertrude B. Elion - Female - 70 years

Birth country: USA

Motivation: for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

Affiliation: Wellcome Research Laboratories - USA

George H. Hitchings - Male - 83 years

Birth country: USA

Motivation: for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

Affiliation: Wellcome Research Laboratories - USA

Leon M. Lederman - Male - 66 years

Birth country: USA

Motivation: for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Affiliation: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory - USA

Melvin Schwartz - Male - 55 years

Birth country: USA

Motivation: for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Affiliation: Digital Pathways, Inc. - USA

Jack Steinberger - Male - 67 years

Birth country: Germany

Motivation: for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Affiliation: CERN - Switzerland